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The bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) is one of several species of cleaner wrasses found on coral reefs from Eastern Africa and the Red Sea to French Polynesia. Like other cleaner wrasses, it eats parasites and dead tissue off larger fishes' skin in a mutualistic relationship that provides food and protection for the wrasse, and considerable health benefits for the other fishes. It is also notable for having potentially passed the mirror test, though this is not without controversy. Taxonomy A genetic analysis of L. dimidiatus revealed the population fell into two monophyletic clades, with Indian Ocean populations generally having different stripe widths to western Pacific fishes. The Japanese cleaner wrasses, though, fell within the same group as Indian Ocean fish, despite differing in appearance, and both clades overlap around Papua New Guinea.Two closely related cleaner wrasse species, Labroides pectoralis and Labroides bicolor, were grouped inside the L. dimidiatus clade, so the bluestreak cleaner wrasse may in fact be polyphyletic, incorporating several species. Description  This is a small wrasse, averaging 10 cm (3.9 in) long, at most 14 cm (5.5 in). It can be recognized thanks to a wide longitudinal black stripe running along the side and eye; the back and the stomach are white (sometimes slightly yellowish). This white part changes to a bright blue on the front of the animal, while the black band widens at the tail. The young are black with an electric blue line. Distribution The bluestreak cleaner wrasse is found on coral reefs in the tropics from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean to the western Pacific (including Papua New Guinea, Japan, Fiji, and French Polynesia).[5] It was first recorded from the Kermadec Islands Marine Reserve north of New Zealand in 2015, after researchers examined hundreds of hours of unused documentary film footage. Cleaning Cleaner wrasses are usually found at cleaning stations. Cleaning stations are occupied by different units of cleaner wrasses, such as a group of youths, a pair of adults, or a group of females accompanied by a dominant male. When visitors come near the cleaning stations, the cleaner wrasses greet the visitors by performing a dance-like motion in which they move their rear up and down.The visitors are referred to as "clients". Bluestreak cleaner wrasses clean to consume ectoparasites on client fish for food. The bigger fish recognise them as cleaner fish because they have a lateral stripe along the length of their bodies, and by their movement patterns. Cleaner wrasses greet visitors in an effort to secure the food source and cleaning opportunity with the client. Upon recognising the cleaner and successfully soliciting its attention, the client fish adopts a species-specific pose to allow the cleaner access to its body surface, gills and sometimes mouth.[citation needed] Other fish that engage in such cleaning behavior include goby fish (Elacatinus spp.) The bluestreak cleaner wrasse is known to clean balaenopteridae, chondrichthyans, homaridae, octopodidae, and dermochelyidae In different regions, the bluestreak cleaner wrasse displays various degrees of dependency on clients' ectoparasites as a primary food source. In tidal environments such as the Great Barrier Reef, the bluestreak cleaner wrasse is a facultative cleaner that feeds more on corals than on fish clientele.Juvenile bluestreak cleaners are seen to bite their clients more often than the adults within that region, thus changing the dynamic of the known mutualistic relationship.However, in regions where the bluestreak cleaners are solely dependent on clients' parasites, fish who have access to cleaning services have better body condition than those without cleaner access. In the Marsa Bareika of the Ras Mohamed Nature Reserve, Egypt, the bluestreak cleaner wrasse live in specific sectors of the shallow reefs and are shown to rely on ectoparasites from species such as the brown surgeonfish and white belly damselfish. In this region, fish that visit cleaner wrasses have lower antibody responses than those without cleaner access, suggesting that cleaner access may decrease the need for active immunity. Reproduction Cleaner wrasse males defend specific living territories from other males in which they are able to have control over the females in those territories. When the dominant male no longer exists in that territory, one of the larger females is able to change sexes to take control over that territory.

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The Orangeback fairy-wrasse (Cirrhilabrus aurantidorsalis) is a small, colorful fish known for its vibrant orange back, which contrasts with a magenta stripe along its body and a shimmering belly. Males are more intensely colored, especially during courtship, and have a dark red "crown" marking. They inhabit coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific, live in small groups with one male and several females, and are popular in the aquarium trade for their peaceful nature and activity level.  Appearance Coloration:  Has a brilliant orange or golden-orange back, a magenta stripe running the length of the body, and a belly that can be pink, blue, or purple.  Male features:  Males have more intense colors and a dark red crown-like marking on the head. During courtship, their colors intensify significantly.  Female features:  Females are less vibrant, with a reddish-brown body, white face, and white belly.  Body shape:  Slender and elongated body.  Habitat and behavior Habitat:  Found in the Indo-Pacific, specifically in the eastern Tomini Bay and Lembeh Strait, on reef slopes and edges with rubble areas.  Social structure:  Lives in small groups (harems) consisting of one male and several females. All are believed to start as females, with some transforming into males.  Temperament:  Peaceful and active fish, making them suitable for reef aquariums. They are reef-safe and will not harm corals or invertebrates.  Jumping:  Known to be good jumpers, so a tight-fitting lid on the aquarium is essential.  Diet Primary food: Zooplankton.  Aquarium diet: Readily accepts a variety of meaty foods, such as frozen mysis shrimp, brine shrimp, and other high-quality flakes, pellets, and frozen/live foods.   

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The Acanthurus japonicus, or Powder Brown Tang, is an Indo-West Pacific surgeonfish with a laterally compressed, oval body that can reach up to 21 cm in length. Its coloration varies based on its mood, from brown to blue to yellow, but it is distinguished by a prominent white band between the mouth and eye, a bright orange stripe on the dorsal fin, and a yellow band on the caudal peduncle. It is a herbivorous, territorial fish that typically lives in small to large aggregations in reef environments.  Physical description Body shape: Oval and laterally compressed.  Size: Can grow up to 21 cm (8.3 in) in length.  Coloration: The body color can range from brown to blue to yellow, depending on the fish's emotional state.  A wide, white band runs from the lower part of the eye to the upper lip.  A bright orange or pink band is present along the soft-rayed part of the dorsal fin.  The caudal peduncle is black with a yellow base.  Fins: Dorsal fin: Has 9 spines and 28–31 soft rays.  Anal fin: Has 3 spines and 26–29 soft rays.  Caudal fin: Is truncate.  Pectoral fins: Have yellow bases.  Habitat and behavior Habitat: Lives in clear lagoon and seaward reefs in the Indo-West Pacific, typically in shallow, exposed areas.  Diet: Herbivorous, feeding on algae and seaweed.  Social behavior: Can be found alone or in small to large aggregations. They are territorial and can be aggressive towards other fish, especially other tangs or conspecifics, which can lead to fights. 

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The Amphiprion percula, commonly known as the orange clownfish or percula clownfish, is a small, brightly colored marine fish characterized by its orange body and three distinctive white bands outlined in black. These bands are located behind the eyes, in the middle of the body (often with a forward-bulging section), and near the tail. The fins are also edged with black. They are often confused with the similar-looking Amphiprion ocellaris, but can be distinguished by the number of dorsal fin spines (10 in A. percula vs. 11 in A. ocellaris) and the thickness of the black outlining on the white bands.  Key Characteristics: Coloration: Bright orange body with three white bands edged in black.  Bands: The first band is behind the eyes, the second in the middle of the body, and the third near the tail.  Size: Can grow up to 11 cm (4.3 inches) in length.  Dorsal Fin Spines: Typically 10.  Symbiotic Relationship: Lives in a symbiotic relationship with sea anemones, providing protection and receiving a safe habitat.  Social Structure: Organized in size-based hierarchies within anemones.  Sexual Dimorphism: Females are larger than males. 

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The ocellaris clownfish, or Amphiprion ocellaris, is a vibrant marine fish known for its striking orange body, three white bands, and black outlines. These fish, also called false percula clownfish or common clownfish, form a symbiotic relationship with sea anemones, using their mucus-covered skin to avoid being stung by the anemone's tentacles.  Physical Characteristics: Color: Primarily bright orange with three distinct white bands.  Bands: The white bands are usually outlined in black. The middle band often has a rounded bulge in the middle.  Size: Typically grow to about 3-5 inches (8-11 cm) in length.  Fins: Black markings on the fins, particularly the dorsal fin, are common.  Other Notable Features: Symbiotic Relationship: They have a mutually beneficial relationship with sea anemones, living among their tentacles for protection from predators.  Protective Mucus: A special layer of mucus on their skin protects them from the anemone's stinging cells.  Protandrous Hermaphrodites: All begin life as males and can change to females as they mature, with the largest fish in a group typically being female.  Regional Variations: While typically orange, some can be darker red-orange or even black with white bands, depending on their location. 

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Acanthurus olivaceus, the orange-band surgeonfish, the orange-shoulder surgeonfish or the orangebar tang,is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acanthuridae, this family includes the surgeonfishes, unicornfishes and tangs. It lives in the tropical waters of the Indo-west Pacific. Taxonomy Acanthurus olivaceus was first formally described in 1801 by the German naturalists Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider with its type locality given as Tahiti in the Society Islands,This species is closely related to the range restricted Marquesas surgeonfish (A. reversus), and together these taxa form a species complex within the genus Acanthurus.The genus Acanthurus is one of two genera in the tribe Acanthurini which is one of three tribes in the subfamily Acanthurinae which is one of two subfamilies in the family Acanthuridae. Description The orange band surgeonfish is a deep-bodied, laterally-compressed oval fish, rather over twice as long as it is deep, with a maximum length of 35 cm (14 in), although a more typical length is 25 cm (10 in). Both dorsal and anal fins are long and low, extending as far as the caudal peduncle. The dorsal fin has nine spines and 23 to 25 soft rays while the anal fin has three spines and 22 to 24 soft rays. The tail fin is crescent-shaped, the points growing longer as the fish gets older. The adult fish is greyish-brown; a sharp vertical line usually separates the paler front half of the fish from the darker hind portion. There is a distinctive orange bar, surrounded by a purplish-black margin, immediately behind the top of the gill cover, and blue and orange lines at the bases of the fins. Like all surgeonfish, this species has a pair of scalpel-like scales that project upward from the caudal peduncle. Larger males develop a convex snout which clearly differentiates them from females. Juvenile fish are yellow. Distribution and habitat This fish is found in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. Its range extends from Christmas Island and the Cocos Keeling Islands to southern Japan, Western, Northern and Eastern Australia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Hawaii. It is associated with reefs, often on outer slopes and in more exposed locations. As an adult, it is a solitary fish or sometimes joins schools, with a depth range of between about 9 and 46 m (30 and 150 ft), but juveniles are found in shallower water in sheltered locations in small groups. Ecology The orange band surgeonfish feeds on detritus and on algae growing on the seabed, as well as the film of diatoms and filamentous algae that grows on sand and other substrates.[2] It often forms schools with parrotfish, tangs and other species of surgeonfish, which all have similar diets; their grazing is important in maintaining biodiversity by keeping rocks free from excessive growth of algae so that coral larvae can find suitable habitat to settle. The fish can change colour from dark to pale almost instantaneously. Status The orange band surgeonfish has a wide distribution in the tropical Indo-Pacific region and is moderately common. It is sometimes found in fish markets and in the aquarium trade but is not a species targeted by fisheries. No particular threats have been recognised.

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The elegant unicornfish, Naso elegans, is a marine fish known for its distinctive coloration and markings. It has a dark snout, a yellow bar above the eyes, and a yellow dorsal fin with a narrow blue margin and a black submarginal band. The anal and pelvic fins are dark brown, while the caudal fin is yellowish with black upper and lower margins and a black submarginal band. It is also known by other names, including the Blonde Naso Tang and the Lipstick Surgeonfish.  Here's a more detailed description: Body Shape: It has an oval-shaped, laterally flattened body.  Coloration: The overall color is greyish, with a dark snout separated from the grey head by a yellow bar at the eyes.  Fins: The dorsal fin is yellow with a narrow blue edge and a black submarginal band. The anal and pelvic fins are dark brown. The caudal fin is yellowish with black upper and lower margins and a black submarginal band, and can have long trailing filaments in males.  Caudal Peduncle: The caudal peduncle (the area connecting the body to the tail) has large keels, especially in males, and the males also have longer filaments growing from the caudal fin.  Size: It can reach a maximum total length of 45 cm, but more typically around 35 cm.  Other features: It lacks the prominent horn or protuberance on the forehead that is characteristic of some other Naso species. 

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Acanthurus pyroferus, also known as the chocolate surgeonfish or mimic surgeonfish, is a species of surgeonfish. Adults are typically dark brown or purplish-black with a yellowish tan anterior. They have a distinct orange patch at the gill opening and a prominent yellow band on the posterior margin of their caudal fin. Juveniles exhibit different color patterns that mimic other fish species like lemonpeel angelfish.  Key features of Acanthurus pyroferus: Size: They can grow up to 29 cm (11 inches) in length.  Coloration: Adults are usually dark brown to purplish-black, sometimes with a yellowish tan anterior. They have an orange patch at the gill opening and a yellow band on their tail.  Fins: The dorsal fin has 8 spines and 27-30 soft rays, while the anal fin has 3 spines and 24-28 soft rays. The tail fin edge is lunate in adults and round in juveniles.  Tail Spine: A single, depressible spine on the side of the tail base, which is part of their defense mechanism.  Diet: They are herbivores and primarily graze on algae.  Habitat: Found in reef environments, including the Indo-Pacific region, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean

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The Dispar Anthias, Pseudanthias dispar, is a small, colorful reef fish known for its vibrant colors and peaceful temperament. It's a popular choice for home aquariums, particularly for those with reef tanks.  Key Features: Coloration: Males have a bright red dorsal fin and a distinctive purple-edged orange stripe. Females display a yellowish-orange top and pale lavender to white underside.  Size: They grow to a maximum of 10 cm (4 inches).  Temperament: They are generally peaceful and reef-safe, making them suitable for community tanks.  Habitat: They are found in shallow waters on coral reefs and outer reef slopes.  Aquarium Care: Water Parameters: They prefer a temperature of 23-28°C, a pH between 8 and 8.5, and good water quality with low nitrates.  Tank Size: A minimum of 200 liters (50 gallons) is recommended for a small group.  Social Structure: They are social and thrive in groups of one male and 3-4 females.  Diet: They are active planktivores and prefer a diet of frozen mysis shrimp, enriched brine shrimp, and high-quality flake food.  Reef Compatibility: They are reef-safe and can be kept with other peaceful reef inhabitants.  Distinctive Features: Hermaphroditic: Anthias are known for being hermaphroditic, meaning they can change sex if a dominant male dies.  Schooling Behavior: They naturally live in schools, so keeping them in groups is recommended. 

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The Zebrasoma veliferum, also known as the Sailfin Tang, is a distinctive marine fish easily recognized by its high dorsal and anal fins, which give it a "sail-like" appearance. It is a species in the Acanthuridae family, also known as the surgeonfishes. The Sailfin Tang is characterized by vertical stripes, dark greyish to brown dorsal and anal fins with pale bands, and a greyish-brown to yellow caudal fin.  Key Features: High Fins: The dorsal and anal fins are significantly larger than those of other tangs, making the fish appear tall even when compared to its body length.  Striped Appearance: Adults have broad dark bands on a whitish background with thin yellow lines running through the banding.  Coloration: The head is white with a black bar through the eye and yellow dots and lines. The tail is yellow with a blue-white margin.  Size: The Sailfin Tang can reach a maximum length of 40 cm (15.5 inches).  Habitat: It lives in association with coral reefs.  Distribution: The Sailfin Tang is found throughout the Indo-West Pacific region, including Australia.  Diet: It is primarily herbivorous, feeding on filamentous algae.  Juveniles: Juveniles are smaller and have alternating yellow and black bars. They may be mistaken for small angelfish due to their similar dorsal and anal fins. 

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Acanthurus olivaceus, the orange-band surgeonfish, the orange-shoulder surgeonfish or the orangebar tang,is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acanthuridae, this family includes the surgeonfishes, unicornfishes and tangs. It lives in the tropical waters of the Indo-west Pacific. Taxonomy Acanthurus olivaceus was first formally described in 1801 by the German naturalists Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider with its type locality given as Tahiti in the Society Islands,This species is closely related to the range restricted Marquesas surgeonfish (A. reversus), and together these taxa form a species complex within the genus Acanthurus.The genus Acanthurus is one of two genera in the tribe Acanthurini which is one of three tribes in the subfamily Acanthurinae which is one of two subfamilies in the family Acanthuridae. Description The orange band surgeonfish is a deep-bodied, laterally-compressed oval fish, rather over twice as long as it is deep, with a maximum length of 35 cm (14 in), although a more typical length is 25 cm (10 in). Both dorsal and anal fins are long and low, extending as far as the caudal peduncle. The dorsal fin has nine spines and 23 to 25 soft rays while the anal fin has three spines and 22 to 24 soft rays. The tail fin is crescent-shaped, the points growing longer as the fish gets older. The adult fish is greyish-brown; a sharp vertical line usually separates the paler front half of the fish from the darker hind portion. There is a distinctive orange bar, surrounded by a purplish-black margin, immediately behind the top of the gill cover, and blue and orange lines at the bases of the fins. Like all surgeonfish, this species has a pair of scalpel-like scales that project upward from the caudal peduncle. Larger males develop a convex snout which clearly differentiates them from females. Juvenile fish are yellow. Distribution and habitat This fish is found in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. Its range extends from Christmas Island and the Cocos Keeling Islands to southern Japan, Western, Northern and Eastern Australia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Hawaii. It is associated with reefs, often on outer slopes and in more exposed locations. As an adult, it is a solitary fish or sometimes joins schools, with a depth range of between about 9 and 46 m (30 and 150 ft), but juveniles are found in shallower water in sheltered locations in small groups. Ecology The orange band surgeonfish feeds on detritus and on algae growing on the seabed, as well as the film of diatoms and filamentous algae that grows on sand and other substrates.[2] It often forms schools with parrotfish, tangs and other species of surgeonfish, which all have similar diets; their grazing is important in maintaining biodiversity by keeping rocks free from excessive growth of algae so that coral larvae can find suitable habitat to settle. The fish can change colour from dark to pale almost instantaneously. Status The orange band surgeonfish has a wide distribution in the tropical Indo-Pacific region and is moderately common. It is sometimes found in fish markets and in the aquarium trade but is not a species targeted by fisheries. No particular threats have been recognised, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed its conservation status as being of least concern.

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The red-eye wrasse (Cirrhilabrus solorensis) is a species of wrasse native to Indonesia and Australia, where found near the Lesser Sundas, Maluka and Darwin. It inhabits coral reefs on coastal and outer reef lagoons at depths of 5 to 35 m (16 to 115 ft). Adult male C. solorensis have a yellowish-dusky or yellow-green snout to crown, blue operculum, purple neck-region, yellow-orange upper body and blue belly. It can reach a total length of 11 cm (4.3 in).Until 2021, it was commonly confused with C. aquamarinus and C. chaliasi, which occur in similar habitats and all have mostly reddish eyes. In C. aquamarinus, which is found near Sulawesi, the adult male has a mostly deep yellow head, a dark blue back and operculum, and much of the body is blue-green. In C. chaliasi, which is found near the Lesser Sundas and Tukangbesi Islands, the adult male has a pinkish-red head, yellow-orange upper body and blue belly.Females of these species are considerably duller and not as easily separated. C. solorensis occurs in small harems of one male, several females and juveniles. It is regarded as data deficient by the IUCN. It can be found in the aquarium trade.

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