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Zebrasoma desjardinii, the Red Sea sailfin tang, Desjardin's sailfin tang, Indian sailfin tang or Indian sailfin surgeonfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acanthuridae, the surgeonfishes, unicornfishes and tangs. This fish is found in the Indian Ocean. Taxonomy Zebrasoma desjardinii was first formally described in 1836 as Acanthurus desjardinii by the English zoologist Edward Turner Bennett with its type locality given as Mauritius. In the past, this taxon was treated as conspecific or synonymous with Zebrasoma velifer.The genera Zebrasoma and Paracanthurus make up the tribe Zebrasomini within the subfamily Acanthurinae in the family Acanthuridae, according to the 5th edition of Fishes of the World. Etymology The specific name of Zebrasoma desjardinii honours the French zoologist Julien Desjardins; he lived for a number of years in Mauritius and donated a collection of fishes to the British Museum of Natural History, including the type of this species. Description Zebrasoma desjardinii has a tall dorsal fin that has 4 spines and between 27 and 31 soft rays (the longest of which is around half of the standard length), while these figures for the anal fin are 2 and between 22 and 24 respectively. It has a deep body, with the standard length being 1.8 to 2 times its depth; the maximum published total length of this species is 40 cm (16 in). The mouth protrudes with a concave profile on the snout. The spine in the caudal peduncle has a narrow posterior connection to the body, and the caudal fin is truncate. The body is grey, with around 8 dark grey vertical bars; each bar houses 2 to 3 orange or yellow vertical lines, which break up into spots towards the lower body and on the anal fin. There are 2 dark brown bars on the head, with the first one passing through the eye. There is a dense pattern of small, light yellow spots on the head and body, and a similar pattern of spots arranged in bands can be on the dorsal fin. The caudal fin is marked with pale blue spots. The juveniles have slender grey and yellow bars on the body and 2 black bars on the head. Distribution and habitat Zebrasoma desjardinii is found in the Indian Ocean. It can be found off the eastern coast of Africa (as south as Sodwana Bay, South Africa), as well as in the Middle East, including off the coasts of Israel, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. It is also found across the islands of the Indian Ocean (such as Sri Lanka, islands in the Andaman Sea, Sumatra, Java, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Christmas Island). In 1999, a pair of this species was recorded in the Atlantic Ocean, off Florida, but this was probably due to aquarium release. Zebrasoma desjardinii is found at depths between 1 and 30 m (3 ft 3 in and 98 ft 5 in) in lagoon and seaward reefs, although the juveniles are more typically found in sheltered areas within reefs. Behaviour Zebrasoma desjardinii adults usually can be found in pairs, while juveniles are solitary.They feed primarily on filamentous algae, macroalgae and plankton, but individuals in the Red Sea have been regularly observed feeding on moon jellies (Scyphozoa) and comb jellies (Ctenophora) as well.[10] This species may form aggregations while feeding on algae; if they do so within the territory of the predatory slingjaw wrasse, the wrasse may darken its colour so as to match the colour of the tangs. The wrasse then joins in the aggregation and mimics their algae-feeding actions while hunting prey. Zebrasoma desjardinii is a pair spawner; while this is a typical trait of other fish in its genus, group spawning is more common at the family level.

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The yellow tang (Zebrasoma flavescens), also known as the lemon sailfin, yellow sailfin tang or somber surgeonfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acanthuridae which includes the surgeonfishes, unicornfishes and tangs. Bright yellow in color, it is one of the most popular marine aquarium fish, though in its natural state, it lives in reefs. The yellow tang spawns around a full moon, eats algae, and has a white barb, located just before the tail fin, to protect itself. Taxonomy and etymology The yellow tang was first formally described by English naturalist Edward Turner Bennett as Acanthurus flavescens in 1828 from a collection in the Hawaiian Islands. Zebrasoma refers to the body and the zebra-like stripes or bars on the body of the type species the genus, the sailfin tang (Z. velifer). Its species name is the Latin adjective flavescens, which refers to the tang's yellow color. Within the genus Zebrasoma the yellow tang forms a species pair with the scopas tang (Z. scopas).[5] The genera Zebrasoma is one of two genera that make up the tribe Zebrasomini within the subfamily Acanthurinae of the family Acanthuridae. Evolution and genetics Based on the gene Cytochrome C-oxidase 1 (CO1), a group of researchers was able to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree of the genus Zebrasoma with mitochondrial barcoding sequences. Description and biology   Adult fish can grow to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length, and 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) in thickness. Adult males tend to be larger than females. Yellow tangs are bright yellow in color. At night, the yellow coloring fades slightly, and a prominent brownish patch develops in the middle with a horizontal white band. They rapidly regain their bright yellow color during daylight. They can be aggressive, are prone to marine ich, and may damage coral within a reef tank. Male and female yellow tang look very similar. When mating, however, males change color and have a "shimmering" behavior which makes them identifiable.The yellow tang has 5 dorsal spines along with 23–26 dorsal soft rays. The yellow tang also has 3 anal spines as well as 19–22 anal soft rays. There is a white spine on its caudal peduncle that it can use for defense. Its snout is moderately protruding. Its mouth is small with spatulate teeth that are place classed relatively close together inside of the yellow tang's mouth. In juveniles, there are 12 upper and 14 lower teeth. In adults, there are 18 upper and 22 lower teeth. The yellow tang is a marine fish that lives in reefs and is typically found by itself or in small groups/schools. It is mainly herbivorous and eats filamentous algae. Reproduction Spawning happens throughout the year, and it peaks once, normally occurring around the time the moon is full, so this suggests there is some sort of lunar periodicity to the spawning behavior. Spawning happens in pairs or groups, and fertilization is external. Eggs are left in open water and yellow tang are substratum egg scatterers. Yellow tang do not guard their eggs, and once the eggs hatch, the juveniles receive no parental care. Food In the wild, yellow tangs feed on benthic turf algae and other marine plant material. In captivity, they are commonly fed meat/fish-based aquarium food, but the long-term health effects of this diet are questionable. However, most experts in the marine aquarium industry express little scepticism that such a well rounded and balanced diet including plant and animal material would be in any way detrimental to mostly herbivorous fishes like tangs since they still need on occasion, complex amino acids and nutrients that only ocean animals can provide. In the wild, yellow tangs provide cleaner services to marine turtles, by removing algal growth from their shells. Distribution and habitat It is commonly found in shallow reefs, from 2–46 metres (6.6–150.9 ft) deep, in the Pacific Ocean (Ryukyu, Mariana, Marshall, Marcus, Wake, and Hawaiian islands),[3] west of Hawaii and east of Japan. There have also been reports that they have been found off the coast of Florida in the Western Central Atlantic.[9] A single specimen was filmed in the Mediterranean Sea in spanish waters in 2008, a likely aquarium release.[10] As of July of 2024, yellow tangs have been spotted several times on the shallow reefs of Mexico’s Riviera Maya. Their habitat is tropical with a temperature range of 24–28 °C (75–82 °F). Hawaii was the most common place for aquarium harvesting, prior to the export ban, where up to 70% of the yellow tangs for the aquarium industry were sourced from. Over 70% of the yellow tang's natural range is protected from collection and fishing. The yellow tang is listed as "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Predators and other threats The yellow tang has many natural predators, including larger fish, sharks, crabs, and octopuses. Another threat is habitat destruction that is caused by humans. Examples of habitat destruction caused by humans are pollution that started on land and flows into the water, physical damage and destruction from harmful fishing practices, as well as overfishing, coral harvesting, and snorkeling, which can potentially cause reef damage. Conservation status Conservation status is labelled as least concern, but there are many ways yellow tang are being protected. The most prominent is that yellow tangs are being bred in captivity for aquarium use now more than they were, so collecting yellow tang from the ocean has decreased sharply. This allows wild yellow tang to be able to thrive without too many being taken, so the species is more likely to survive. In 2010, one study found that fish larvae can drift on ocean currents and reseed fish stocks at a distant location. This finding demonstrated that fish populations can be connected to distant locations through the process of larval drift. They investigated the yellow tang, because larva of this species stay in the general area of the reef in which they first settle. The tropical yellow tang is heavily fished by the aquarium trade. By the late 1990s, their stocks were collapsing. Nine MPAs were established off the coast of Hawaii to protect them. Larval drift has helped them establish themselves in different locations, and the fishery is recovering. "We've clearly shown that fish larvae that were spawned inside marine reserves can drift with currents and replenish fished areas long distances away," said coauthor Mark Hixon. In the aquarium The yellow tang is very commonly kept as a saltwater aquarium fish. In 2015, researchers successfully bred them in captivity. Captive-bred yellow tangs are now routinely available for purchase at fish stores and online vendors. They can grow up to 8 inches (20 cm) in the wild, but are introduced to aquariums in the 2-to-4-inch (5.1 to 10.2 cm) range. Some specimens as large as 6 inches (15 cm) are occasionally available. Life expectancy in the wild can exceed 30 years.  

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The Zebrasoma veliferum, also known as the Sailfin Tang, is a distinctive marine fish easily recognized by its high dorsal and anal fins, which give it a "sail-like" appearance. It is a species in the Acanthuridae family, also known as the surgeonfishes. The Sailfin Tang is characterized by vertical stripes, dark greyish to brown dorsal and anal fins with pale bands, and a greyish-brown to yellow caudal fin.  Key Features: High Fins: The dorsal and anal fins are significantly larger than those of other tangs, making the fish appear tall even when compared to its body length.  Striped Appearance: Adults have broad dark bands on a whitish background with thin yellow lines running through the banding.  Coloration: The head is white with a black bar through the eye and yellow dots and lines. The tail is yellow with a blue-white margin.  Size: The Sailfin Tang can reach a maximum length of 40 cm (15.5 inches).  Habitat: It lives in association with coral reefs.  Distribution: The Sailfin Tang is found throughout the Indo-West Pacific region, including Australia.  Diet: It is primarily herbivorous, feeding on filamentous algae.  Juveniles: Juveniles are smaller and have alternating yellow and black bars. They may be mistaken for small angelfish due to their similar dorsal and anal fins. 

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Priece per colony of 10 polyps   Zoanthids, also known as sea mats or button polyps, are a group of colonial cnidarians belonging to the genus Zoanthus. They are prized in the aquarium hobby for their colorful, spreading, and easy-to-maintain nature.  Key characteristics of Zoanthus: Colonial structure: Zoanthids form colonies of many small polyps, often growing flat and encrusting surfaces like rocks and substrates.  Diverse coloration: They exhibit a wide range of colors and patterns, making them visually appealing.  Nematocysts: They possess nematocysts, the stinging cells characteristic of cnidarians.  Feeding: Zoanthids can feed on both detritus and zooplankton, and also benefit from photosynthesis with zooxanthellae.  Growth and distribution: They can grow to cover large areas, and are found in various reef environments.  Maintenance: Zoanthids are generally considered easy to maintain in reef aquariums, tolerating a range of lighting and water conditions. 

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Price for frag with 10 polyps   Zoanthus, commonly known as "zoas" or "button polyps," are a genus of colonial, polyp-forming anthozoans, related to sea anemones. They are popular in the aquarium hobby due to their vibrant colors and relatively easy care. Zoanthids are characterized by their encrusting growth form, spreading across surfaces like a mat, with individual polyps connected by a fleshy tissue called a coenenchyme.  Here's a more detailed description: Colonial Structure: Zoanthus colonies are made up of numerous individual polyps, each with a central mouth surrounded by tentacles. These polyps are connected by a mat-like structure called the coenenchyme, allowing for nutrient and energy transfer throughout the colony.  Growth Form: Zoanthids typically grow in a flat, encrusting pattern, often resembling a carpet or mat on rocks, sand, or other surfaces.  Appearance: They exhibit a wide range of colors and patterns, with many hobbyists naming specific color morphs (e.g., "Watermelon," "Miami Vice"). Some zoanthids also possess proteins that cause them to fluoresce under certain lighting conditions.  Habitat: Zoanthids are commonly found in coral reefs, where they can tolerate a wide range of light and water flow conditions. They are often found in shallow, high-light environments, but some species can also be found in deeper waters.  Aquarium Care: Zoanthids are generally considered relatively easy to care for in captivity, making them a popular choice for reef aquariums.  Toxicity: It's important to note that some zoanthids contain palytoxin, a potent toxin that can be harmful if ingested or if it comes into contact with skin or eyes. Some aquarium hobbyist sites say to handle them with care and avoid contact with the toxin.   

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