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Naso brevirostris, also known as the short-nosed unicornfish, spotted unicornfish, brown unicornfish, lined unicornfish, longnose surgeonfish, palefin unicornfish, paletail unicornfish, shorthorned unicornfish or shortsnouted unicornfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acanthuridae, the surgeonfishes, unicornfishes and tangs. It occurs in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. Taxonomy Naso brevirostris was first formally described as Naseus brevirostris in 1829 by the French zoologist Georges Cuvier with its type locality not given but considered to be Indonesia.[3] It is classified within the nominate subgenus of the genus Naso.[4] The genus Naso is the only genus in the subfamily Nasinae in the family Acanthuridae. Etymology Naso brevirostris has a specific name which means "short nose".  Description Naso brevirostris has 6 spines and between 27 and 29 soft rays supporting the dorsal fin while the anal fin is supported by 2 spines and 27 to 29 soft rays. The depth of the body fits into its standard length between roughly 2 and 2.7 times. The snout is very short in length and is very steep, almost vertical. Subadults and adults have long, tapering bony protuberances in front of their eyes which may extend past one's mouth by as much as the length of the head, first appearing as a bump in individuals of around 10 cm (3.9 in) total length. A pair of bony plates with a poorly developed keels are on each side of the caudal peduncle and the caudal fin varies from truncate to slightly rounded. The overall colour is light blueish-grey to olive-brown, although there is a colour phase where the front quarter of the body is pale with a clear demarcation from the remainder of the body. The middle of the flanks are marked with thin, vertical dark grey lines that break up into small spots on the lower body. The head is marked with small dark spots or by a lattice of lines. The protuberance is marked with diagonal black lines, the membrane of the operculum is white, the lips have pale blue edges and the caudal fin is largely whitish.This species has a maximum published total length of 60 cm (24 in). Distribution and habitat Naso brevirostris is widespread throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans, from the Red Sea south along the eastern coast of Africa as far as Durban in South Africa and eastward across the Indian Ocean into the Western Pacific Ocean, extending east to the Pitcairn Islands and the Hawaiian Islands, north to southern Japan and south to Australia.[1] In Australia the distribution goes from Ningaloo Reef around the northern tropical coasts to the northern Great Barrier Reef and the Coral Sea as far south as Moreton Bay in Queensland, as well as in the region of Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea.In the eastern Pacific it is found around the Galápagos Islands.These fish live in lagoon and seaward reefs down to depths of 46 m (151 ft) Naso brevirostris forms spawning aggregations, pairing to spawn and the males have larger keels on the caudal peduncle than the females. The eggs hatch into pelagic larvae which may remain in the water column for up to 90 days and the adults attain sexual maturity at around 25 cm (9.8 in).Adults feed mainly on gelatinous zooplankton, while juveniles mainly feed on benthic algae. The switch from grazing to preying on gelatinous zooplankton coincides with the development of the bony protuberance.  

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Naso lituratus, the clown unicornfish, orangespined unicornfish, black-finned unicornfish, Pacific orangespined unicornfish, blackfinned unicornfish or stripefaced unicornfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acanthuridae, the surgeonfishes, unicornfishes and tangs. This fish is found in the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. Unique to members of Acanthuridae, including Naso lituratus, are the Epulopiscium bacteria. These bacteria influence the digestion of Naso lituratus, helping them process the algae in their diet.[3][4][5] Naso lituratus can be found in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. This species can be easily recognised by two bright orange forward-hooked spines on the caudal peduncle (the tail base), its orange lips and black face mask. The body is brownish grey with yellow nape and there is a broad black band on the dorsal fin. It reaches about 45 cm (18 in) in length. It can be found on coral reefs, often in pairs. Taxonomy Naso lituratus was first formally described in 1801 as Acanthurus lituratus by the German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster without stating a type locality, although this is considered to be Tahiti in the Society Islands of French Polynesia.[7] This species is classified within the nominate subgenus of the genus Naso.[8] The genus Naso is the only genus in the subfamily Nasinae in the family Acanthuridae. Description and biology The features of Naso lituratus include orange lips, a caudal peduncle with a brash-hooked spine, and a black face mask. The descriptions of these features include one dorsal fin on top of head and is encircled by a broad black band around 45 centimeters long. They barely grow in size. Long anal fin with II spines and 28–30 soft rays, and a continuous, unnotched dorsal fin with VI spines and 27–30 soft rays. Contains 8 to 9 gill rakers on the lower leg whereas the upper limb has 4. There are 6 spines in total, each with 26–29 soft rays. Adipose fins do not exist. There is one anal fin, two spines overall, and between 27 and 30 soft rays on it. The pectoral and pelvic fins are two of its paired fins. The pectoral fin contains 17–18 soft rays and 0 spines. The pelvic fin has a single spine and three soft rays. In adult males, the lobe's apex produces a lengthy filament. Caudal fin is lunate or crescent-shaped. Two sharp blades that point forward are on the caudal peduncle. In Juveniles, their blades are not fully grown, as they have a stifling gray-brown tint with black, yellow, and white patterns. No forehead "horns" or front protuberance that can be seen in certain other Acanthuridae species. Distribution and habitat Naso lituratus live in the East Indian and Pacific Ocean, with their habitat is living in the coral reefs that lay around in those specified oceans. The reproduction of this species are that the sexes are separate among the Acanthuridae and have distinct differences in size. Spawning occurs year round in Guam. They need high oxygen levels, strong water currents, same companions and need to feed on wild algae. Their self defense tactic is that they will extend their strong tail spines to strike any approaching predators. Naso lituratus has various human use including as a food source and as a commodity in the pet and aquarium trade.

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Naso vlamingii, the bignose unicornfish, scibbled unicornfish, Vlaming's unicornfish, and zebra unicornfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acanthuridae, the surgeonfishes, unicornfishes and tangs. This species is found in the Indo-Pacific. Taxonomy Naso vlamingii was first formally described as Naseus vlamingii in 1835 by the French zoologist Achille Valenciennes with its type locality given as Molucca Island in Indonesia.[3] This species is classified within the nominate subgenus of the genus Naso.[4] The genus Naso is the only genus in the subfamily Nasinae in the family Acanthuridae. Etymology Naso vlamingii has the specific name which honours the Dutch explorer Admiral Cornelis de Vlamingh who collected specimens and drew illustrations of fishes for the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle and Valenciennes based his description on one of Vlamingh's illustrations.[4] Description Naso vlamingii has 6 spines and 26 or 27 soft rays all of similar height supporting the tall dorsal fin and 2 spines and between 27 and 29 soft rays supporting the anal fin. It has a relatively deep body with standard lengths ranging from 2.2, in subadults, to 2.6, in adults, times the body's depth. There is an obvious bulbous protuberance growing from the head above the snout. There are two bony plates on each side of the caudal peduncle and these have keels with anterior pointing spines. The adults develop long filaments from the tips of the caudal fin lobes. The overall colour of the adults is greyish-brown or reddish brown, and they have the ability to change colour quickly, with small dark blue spots on the head and upper flanks. These spots join up to form stripes on the lower flanks. There is a wide blue band running from the eye to the front of the bulbous protuberance. The lips are blue and there is an irregular blue blotch to the rear of the base of the pectoral fin. The caudal fin is blue at its base, grey in the middle with an ill-defined yellow marginand blue outer edges of the lobes and this extends onto the filaments. The intensity of the colour of the blue markings can be increased to a brilliant blue when the fish is displaying in courtship or to communicate with cleaner fish at cleaning stations.This species has a maximum published length of 60 cm (24 in). Distribution and habitat Naso vlamingii has a wide Indo-Pacific range which extends from the eastern coast of Africa between Kenya and South Africa, through the Indian Ocean islands, but it is absent the continental southern Asian waters, through the Andaman Sea, Indonesia and into the Pacific. In the Pacific it extends north to southern Japan, east to the Galápagos Islands and south to New Caledonia and Australia.[1] In Australia the species is found at a number of offshore islands and reefs, as well as from the northern Great Barrier Reef south to waters off Sydney in New South Wales and in the waters around Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea. The bignose unicornfish is found in deep lagoons and seaward reefs, frequently aggregating in schools that feed on zooplankton around the higher areas of deep slopes and drop-offs. Biology Naso vlamingii can live up to 40 years in captivity.[8] Their eggs are fertilized externally after being released in batches by the female. Spawning typically occurs in aggregations, where many individuals come together to release their eggs and sperm simultaneously. They change their feeding pattern throughout their lives. Juveniles are herbivores; feeding mainly with algae, semi-adults are omnivores and adults are primarily carnivores; hunting for zooplankton. 

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Fox coral, also known as Nemenzophyllia turbida, is a large polyp stony (LPS) coral. It's a peaceful coral with no visible tentacles, making it easy to maintain and suitable for both novice and experienced reef aquarists. Fox corals thrive in moderate lighting and low water movement, and benefit from the addition of calcium, strontium, and other trace elements in the water.  Here's a more detailed description: Appearance: Fox corals have a unique appearance with large, fleshy polyps that can extend significantly during the day. They lack visible tentacles and have a pale green or tan color.  Care: Fox corals are relatively easy to care for, requiring moderate lighting, low water flow, and regular additions of calcium, strontium, and other trace elements.  Feeding: They can benefit from additional food like micro-plankton or brine shrimp.  Fragility: The fox coral's skeleton is quite fragile and needs to be handled with care.  Compatibility: Fox corals are generally peaceful and don't typically pose a threat to other corals

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Ophiolepis superba, also known as the banded brittle star or spotted snake starfish, is a marine invertebrate characterized by its distinctive color pattern and relatively short arms. It typically has a beige to pale yellow-orange base color with a striking pattern of black or purple on the disc and bands on the arms. The arms are smooth due to tiny spines, and the disc is covered with larger plates surrounded by a single row of smaller plates.  Key Features: Size: Disc diameter can reach up to 3 cm, with arm lengths up to 9 cm. Some sources indicate a total size of up to 25 cm.  Coloration: Beige to pale yellow-orange with a pattern of black or purple on the disc and bands on the arms.  Arm Structure: Short, relatively smooth arms due to small lateral spines.  Habitat: Found in lower littoral zones and deeper waters, often under rocks and among coral, including coastal and deeper reef areas.  Distribution: Indo-West Pacific region, including the Red Sea, East Indies, Australia, and the South Pacific Islands.  Behavior: Solitary and spends much of its time hidden, particularly during the day, among rocks and corals. It is an omnivore with carnivorous tendencies, feeding on detritus and carrion. 

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Oxymanthus benneti, also known as Anneissia bennetti, is a large feather star species characterized by its numerous feathery arms (31-120) used for filter-feeding. These arms, with their finger-like pinnules, trap food particles like detritus, phytoplankton, and zooplankton from the water column. A defining feature is its large, thick centrodorsal (body) with long, robust cirri (3-4.5 cm) used for attachment and later for elevation when free-living. These cirri help distinguish it from similar species.  Here's a more detailed breakdown: Size and Appearance: Oxymanthus benneti is one of the larger feather star species, reaching up to 30 cm in diameter.  Feeding: They are filter feeders, capturing suspended food particles with their numerous feathery arms.  Arms and Pinnules: The arms are equipped with many pinnules, which are finger-like projections that increase the surface area for trapping food.  Centrodorsal and Cirri: The body (centrodorsal) is large and thick, with long, robust cirri used for initially attaching to a substrate and later for elevation and movement.  Life Cycle: They begin life attached to a stalk, but become free-living as adults, using their cirri to position themselves for feeding.  Symbiosis: Oxymanthus benneti is known to host various species of polychaete worms, offering them shelter, food, and protection in a commensalistic relationship. 

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Озонатор AquaLight ET 100  вариант ЕТ100  Регулируем 10-100 мг/ч  максимална мощност 5 вата  Приложение  Сладководна/морска вода   2000/1000 л  препоръчителен въздушен поток 20-500 л/ч  регулируем създава кристално чиста вода намалява количеството на микробите увеличава производителността на скимери, биофилтри и механични филтри значително намалява замърсяването с нитрити и амоняк увеличава редокс потенциала и съдържанието на кислород отделя жълти вещества и други замърсители за разграждане Приложение в сладка и морска вода

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Paracanthurus hepatus is a species of Indo-Pacific surgeonfish. A popular fish in marine aquaria, it is the only member of the genus Paracanthurus. A number of common names are attributed to the species, including regal tang, palette surgeonfish, blue tang , royal blue tang, hippo tang, blue hippo tang, flagtail surgeonfish, Pacific regal blue tang, and blue surgeonfish, hepatus tang, Indo-Pacific blue tang, regal blue surgeonfish, wedge-tailed tang, wedgetail blue tang. Description Paracanthurus hepatus has a royal blue body, yellow tail, and black "palette" design. Its length at first sexual maturity is 149.2 mm. Adults typically weigh around 600 g (21 oz) and males are generally larger than females.The back has a broad black area that encloses at the tip of the pectoral, creating a blue oval on each side of the fish that extends in the direction of the eye. The tail has a bright yellow triangle with its apex anterior to the caudal spine and its base at the posterior end of the caudal fin. Black surrounds the triangle on the upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin, in the same hue as the back area. Paracanthurus has small small scales, each with short ctenii on the upper surface. Scales on the caudal spine possess ctenii approximately three times as long as scales on the rest of the body. Scales anteriorly placed on the head between the eye and the upper jaw are larger with tuberculated, bony plates. This fish has a compressed, elliptical body shape, and a terminal snout. It has nine dorsal spines, 26–28 dorsal soft rays, three anal spines, and 24–26 anal soft yellow rays, and 16 principal caudal rays with slightly projecting upper and lower lobes. Its pelvic fin is made up of one spine and three rays; this characteristic is considered a synapomorphy of the Naso and Paracanthurus genus. The caudal peduncle has a spine located in a shallow groove, which is also a characteristic of its sister taxa Zebrasoma. It has 22 vertebrae. Paracanthurus has teeth that are small, close-set, denticulated, and described as incisor-like. Jaw morphology includes an ectopterygoid that links the palatine to the quadrate near the articular condyle. A crest is present on the anterodorsal surface of the hyomandibular. The opercle is less developed, with a distinctly convex profile. Some slight variation in appearance is present within Paracanthurus. The lower body is yellow in west-central Indian Ocean individuals, and bluish in Pacific individuals . Additionally, the blue color on the trunk of Paracanthurus loses pigmentation in response to changes in light and/or melatonin levels, making its appearance slightly lighter in color at night. Distribution The regal blue tang can be found throughout the Indo-Pacific. It is seen in the reefs of the Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, New Caledonia, Samoa, East Africa, and Sri Lanka. A single specimen was photographed in 2015 in the Mediterranean Sea off Israel. Vagrants were found two separate occasions in Hawaii, and are assumed to be aquarium releases. Paracanthurus is an extant resident in the following territories: American Samoa; Australia; British Indian Ocean Territory; Brunei Darussalam; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Comoros; Cook Islands; Disputed Territory (Paracel Is., Spratly Is.); Fiji; French Southern Territories (Mozambique Channel Is.); Guam; India (Nicobar Is., Andaman Is.); Indonesia; Japan; Kenya; Kiribati (Kiribati Line Is., Phoenix Is., Gilbert Is.); Madagascar; Malaysia; Maldives; Marshall Islands; Mauritius; Mayotte; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Myanmar; Nauru; New Caledonia; Niue; Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Réunion; Samoa; Seychelles; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; United States (Hawaiian Is.); United States Minor Outlying Islands (US Line Is., Howland-Baker Is.); Vanuatu; Viet Nam; Wallis and Futuna. Ecolog Paracanthurus is a diurnal marine species that occupies marine neritic habitats along coastlines. It is found in clear water on exposed outer reef areas or in channels with a moderate or strong current. It primarily utilizes coral reef habitats, but is also known to utilize seagrass beds, mangroves, algal beds, and rocky reefs [1]. It has an upper and lower depth limit of 2 meters and 40 meters, respectively .They live in pairs or small groups of 8 to 14 individuals. They can also be found near cauliflower corals on the seaweed side of coral reefs. Juveniles can be found in schools using Acropora for shelter. Numbers of males and females tend to maintain a 1:1 ratio. The fish is important for coral health as it eats algae that may otherwise choke it by overgrowth. Diet As a juvenile, its diet consists primarily of plankton. Adults are omnivorous and feed on zooplankton, but will also graze on filamentous algae.[16] Life cycle Spawning takes place year round, with a peak between April and September. Spawning occurs during late afternoon and evening hours around outer reef slopes. This event is indicated by a change in color from a uniform dark blue to a pale blue. Males aggressively court female members of the school, leading to a quick upward spawning rush toward the surface of the water during which eggs and sperm are released. The eggs are small, approximately 0.8 millimetres (1⁄32 in) in diameter. The eggs are pelagic, each containing a single droplet of oil for flotation. The fertilized eggs hatch in twenty-four hours, revealing small, translucent larvae with silvery abdomens and rudimentary caudal spines. Once opaque, the black "palette" pattern on juveniles do not fully connect until mature. These fish reach sexual maturity at 9–12 months of age, and at approximately 149.22 mm in size.[6] Fecundity has a tendency to positively correlate with weight. Fishes in the family Acanthuridae, including Paracanthurus, produce altricial larvae that receive no v. parental care. After hatching, these larvae rely on yolk reserves in order to survive their first two to three days of life. Importance to humans The regal blue tang is of minor commercial fisheries importance; however, it is a bait fish. The flesh has a strong odor and is not highly prized. This fish may cause ciguatera poisoning if consumed by humans. However, regal blue tangs are collected commercially for the aquarium trade. Handling the tang risks the chances of being badly cut by the caudal spine. These spines, one on each of the two sides of the caudal peduncle, the area where the tail joins the rest of the body, are extended when the fish is stressed. The quick, thrashing sideways motion of the tail can produce deep wounds that result in swelling and discoloration, posing a risk of infection. It is believed that some species of Acanthurus have venom glands while others do not. The spines are used only as a method of protection against aggressors. The regal blue tang is one of the most common and most popular marine aquarium fish all over the world, holding its place as the 8th most traded species worldwide. In 1997–2002, 74,557 individuals were traded in official tracked sales and in 2011 approximately 95,000 Paracanthurus were imported for use as a marine ornamental fish. When harvesting Paracanthurus in the wild, juveniles are specifically targeted since they are easiest to collect due to their tendency to travel in schools. Paracanthurus for human use are harvested in the wild rather than raised in aquaculture. Conservationists encourage efforts to switch to aquaculture in order to better preserve wild populations.

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The Yellow Belly Blue Tang, scientifically known as Paracanthurus hepatus, is a color variant of the popular Blue Tang, notable for its striking blue body and a yellow belly and tail. This variant also features a distinctive black marking on its upper body that forms a sort of "palette" design.  Key characteristics of the Yellow Belly Blue Tang: Coloration: A vibrant blue body with a bright yellow tail and belly.  Markings: A black marking, shaped like a horizontal bar, extends from the back of the head, loops around the gills, and then extends back to the base of the tail.  Size: Can grow up to 8-12 inches (20-30 cm) in length.  Temperament: Generally peaceful but can become territorial and aggressive towards other tangs, especially when they mature.  Reef Compatibility: Reef safe, meaning they don't typically harm corals or other invertebrates.  Diet: Herbivorous, primarily consuming algae and marine plants.  Habitat: Found in coral reefs of the Indo-Pacific region.  Additional details: The yellow coloration on the belly and tail is most prominent in adults, though even small juveniles may show some yellowing.  They are known for their active swimming and need a spacious aquarium with plenty of swimming room.  They are susceptible to certain diseases, particularly Ich, so maintaining good water quality and a healthy diet is crucial.  Their sharp tail spine (scalpel) is used for defense and can inflict a painful wound.  They require a varied diet, including algae-based foods, to maintain their health and reduce aggression.   

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The sugar cane shrimp, scientifically known as Parhippolyte uveae, is a small shrimp species characterized by its translucent body and distinctive markings. It inhabits caves and anchialine pools in the Indo-Pacific region, including areas like the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. These shrimps are generally peaceful and thrive in reef-style aquariums with plenty of hiding spaces.  Appearance: Size: They typically grow to about  5 cm in length.  Coloration: The body is red with shades of white  Habitat: They are commonly found in caves, often in shallow coral reef environments, and sometimes in anchialine pools.  Behavior: Activity: Some populations, like those in Kakaban Island, are photophobic, meaning they are most active at night. Others, like those in the Philippines, are considered "sun-lovers" and are more active during the day.  Diet: Sugar cane shrimp are omnivores, preferring meaty foods like brine shrimp, mysis, and phytoplankton.  Temperament: They are generally peaceful and safe for reef and fish-only aquariums.  Other Names: They are also known as the Red Sugar Cane Shrimp or Red Prawn.  Aquarium Care: Tank Size: A 10-gallon tank is generally recommended.  Environment: They do well in reef or fish-only aquariums and are coral and fish safe.  Acclimation: Shrimp are sensitive to changes in salinity, so proper acclimation is important. 

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Pavona corals are a genus of colonial, stony corals known for their various growth forms and common names like "Cactus Coral," "Potato Chip Coral," or "Lettuce Coral". They are part of the Agariciidae family and are distinguished by having clearly defined septocostae connecting corallites, resulting in a flower-like pattern on their surface. Pavona species exhibit a range of colors and growth forms, including columnar, club-shaped, or plate-like colonies.  Here's a more detailed look at Pavona corals: Key Features: Colonial: They grow in colonies, forming various shapes like plates, branches, or columns.  Stony Corals: They are a type of hard coral, meaning their skeletons are made of calcium carbonate.  Corallites: They have shallow depressions called corallites, which are the individual polyp chambers within the colony.  Septocostae: These are radial structures connecting the corallites, creating a distinct pattern on the coral's surface.  Zooxanthellae: They contain symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae, which provide them with nutrients through photosynthesis.  Growth Forms: Pavona corals can exhibit different growth forms, including columnar (Pavona clavus), plate-like (Pavona cactus), and branched (Pavona frondifera).  Examples of Pavona Species: Pavona cactus: Often called "Cactus Coral" or "Potato Chip Coral," they form thin, plate-like colonies with a distinctive cactus or lettuce-like appearance.  Pavona clavus: Known for its columnar or club-shaped colonies, sometimes forming extensive single-species stands.  Pavona duerdeni: This species forms clusters of cream-colored lobes or discs, with a smooth appearance due to the small corallites on their surface.  Pavona frondifera: This species has a more delicate, frond-like growth form, often found in lagoons and on upper reef slopes.  Care Considerations: Lighting: Pavona corals typically thrive in medium to strong lighting.  Water Movement: They generally benefit from medium to strong water movement to help with feeding and prevent the accumulation of detritus.  Feeding: While they are primarily photosynthetic, they may also feed on rotifers and other microfauna.  Aggression: Some Pavona species, like encrusting forms, can be aggressive and may sting other corals. 

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Percnon gibbesi, commonly known as the Sally Lightfoot Crab or Nimble Spray Crab, is a marine crab species characterized by its very flat, thin, and wide carapace (shell). It has a distinctive red to brown coloration, sometimes with fine green marbling, and legs with yellow rings at the joints. Adults can reach a carapace width of about 30 millimeters (1.2 inches). They are known for their agility and speed, especially in their natural rocky habitat.  Physical Characteristics: Carapace: Flat and thin, with a width of about 30mm.  Coloration: Varies from red to brown, sometimes with green marbling.  Legs: Long and flattened, with yellow rings at the joints.  Spines: Each of the five pairs of walking legs has a row of spines along the leading edge.  Habitat and Behavior: Percnon gibbesi is native to the Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the Canary Islands.  It is considered an invasive species in many parts of the Mediterranean.  It is commonly found in rocky, intertidal and subtidal zones, often hiding under rocks and in crevices.  They are known for their scavenging behavior, feeding on algae, detritus, and small invertebrates.  While generally reef-safe, larger individuals can become aggressive and may prey on small fish and other invertebrates

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